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	<title>EmbLogic &#187; Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration</title>
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		<title>Installation to Fedora 29</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/installation-to-fedora-29-4/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/installation-to-fedora-29-4/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 29 Feb 2020 07:10:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aakash Verma]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=20914</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Installation to Fedora 29 Following are the minimum requirements for Fedora 29 workstation :- Recommended 2 GHz Dual Core processor. 2 GB RAM. 15 GB unallocated Hard Disk. Bootable Media (USB / DVD). Installation steps :- (Step1) :- Download the &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/installation-to-fedora-29-4/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="color: #000000" align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline"><b>Installation to Fedora 29</b></span></p>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif"><b>Following are the minimum requirements for Fedora 29 workstation </b></span><span style="font-family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif"><b>:-</b></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left">Recommended 2 GHz Dual Core processor.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left">2 GB RAM.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left">15 GB unallocated Hard Disk.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left">Bootable Media (USB / DVD).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li>
<p align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Installation steps :-</b></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">(Step1) :- </span></span></i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Download the fedora 29 workstation ISO file :</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Once the ISO file is downloaded ,then burn it either in USB or DVD and make it bootable.</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">(Step2) :- </span></span></i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Boot your system with bootable media (USB or DVD) :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Reboot your system.Set the boot medium as USB or DVD from Bios settings so system boots up with bootable media.</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">(Step3) :- </span></span></i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Choose Start Fedora-Workstation-Live- 29 :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">When the system boots up with bootable media then to begin with installation on your system’s hard disk, choose “</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b><strong>Start Fedora-Workstation-29 Live</strong></b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">“</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">(Step4) :-</span></span></i><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Select Install to hard drive option :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Select “</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b><strong>Install to Hard Drive</strong></b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">” option to install Fedora 29 on your system’s hard disk, you can also try Fedora on your system without installing it, for that select “</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b><strong>Try Fedora</strong></b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">” Option.</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>(Step5) :- </i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Choose appropriate language for your Fedora 29 Installation :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000" align="left"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">In this step choose your language which will be used during Fedora 29 Installation.</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>(Step</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>6</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>) :- </i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Choose Installation destination and partition scheme :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">In this step we will choose our installation destination, means on which hard disk we will do installation.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">In the next screen we will see the local available hard disk, select the disk that suits your installation and then choose how you want to create partitions.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">If you choose “</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: inherit"><b><strong>Automatic</strong></b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">” partition scheme, then installer will create the necessary partition for your system automatically but if you want to create your own customize partition scheme then choose “</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: inherit"><b><strong>Custom</strong></b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">” option.</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">CLICK ON DONE !</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Now I show u that how to create LVM(Local Volume Manager) based custom partitions :&#8211;</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">In my case,</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">I have around 779 GiB unallocated hard drive, so I will be creating following partitions on it :-</span></span></p>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">/home         &gt;&gt;&gt; 450 GiB</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">/</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">(root)</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">        &gt;&gt;&gt; 240 GiB</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>boot</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">/efi     &gt;&gt;&gt;</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">2 GiB</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">/boot         &gt;&gt;&gt; 2 GiB</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">/var           &gt;&gt;&gt; 50 GiB</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">swap         &gt;&gt;&gt; 24 GiB</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">CLICK ON DONE ! AND CHOOSE “ACCEPT CHANGES”.</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>(Step</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>7</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>) :-</i></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b> Select</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b> the time zone and begin installation :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">H</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">ere you can select the time zone which suits to your system and click on “</span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><b>Begin Installation</b></span></span><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">”.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">In this step we can see Fedora 29 Installation has been started and it is in progress.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Once the Installation is completed, you will be prompted to restart your system.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Click on Quit and reboot your system.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Don’t forget the Change boot medium from Bios settings so your system boots up with hard disk.</span></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif"><i>(Step8) :- </i><b>Set User name and Password and Start using Fedora 29.</b><b> :&#8211;</b></span></span></p>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li><span style="color: #000000"> <span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Now specify the local account (user name) and its password, later this account will be used to login to the system.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Click on Next</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">And finally, we will get below screen which confirms that we are ready to use Fedora 29.</span></span></p>
<ul style="color: #000000">
<li><span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif">Click on “<strong>Start Using Fedora</strong>”</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="color: #000000">
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Installing office in fedora</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/installing-office-in-fedora/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/installing-office-in-fedora/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2016 10:18:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[saurabh.aggarwal]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=13299</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[For 32 bit systems #wget http://download.documentfoundation.org/libreoffice/stable/5.0.4/rpm/x86/LibreOffice_5.0.4_Linux_x86_rpm.tar.gz For 64-bit systems #wget http://download.documentfoundation.org/libreoffice/stable/5.0.4/rpm/x86_64/LibreOffice_5.0.4_Linux_x86-64_rpm.tar.gz After this  all steps are common #tar -xvf LibreOffice_5.0.4_Linux_x86_rpm.tar.gz #cd LibreOffice_5.0.4.2_Linux_x86_rpm/ #yum localinstall RPMS/*.rpm You can use these steps in any other RPM based distribution but keeping in mind &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/installing-office-in-fedora/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>For 32 bit systems</strong></p>
<p>#wget http://download.documentfoundation.org/libreoffice/stable/5.0.4/rpm/x86/LibreOffice_5.0.4_Linux_x86_rpm.tar.gz</p>
<p><strong>For 64-bit systems</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left">#wget http://download.documentfoundation.org/libreoffice/stable/5.0.4/rpm/x86_64/LibreOffice_5.0.4_Linux_x86-64_rpm.tar.gz</p>
<p>After this  all steps are common</p>
<p>#tar -xvf LibreOffice_5.0.4_Linux_x86_rpm.tar.gz<br />
#cd LibreOffice_5.0.4.2_Linux_x86_rpm/</p>
<p>#yum localinstall RPMS/*.rpm</p>
<p>You can use these steps in any other RPM based distribution but keeping in mind the last step (that command will vary according to the distribution)</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>THE LINUX FIRE WALL</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/the-linux-fire-wall/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/the-linux-fire-wall/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2015 12:47:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[saurabh.aggarwal]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux Internals and System Programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=12480</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; If we talk about firewall the first thing that comes to our mind is a software &#8220;Barrier&#8221; between a system and a network it may be either internal or external. The purpose of this software is to protect our &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/the-linux-fire-wall/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>If we talk about firewall the first thing that comes to our mind is a software &#8220;Barrier&#8221; between a system and a network it may be either internal or external. The purpose of this software is to protect our system from various threats. This network security system, can be used to control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a specific set of rules. This firewall can be used in various devices like routers .</p>
<p>Now if we talk about it is a kernel (or in other word a piece of software )acting on hardware.</p>
<p>So the kernel provides us with XTABLES which stores chins and all the rule ,act as a firewall in system. XTABLE consist of different modules for different protocols. The various modules are:-</p>
<p>1 &gt; iptables applies to IPv4</p>
<p>2&gt; ip6tables to IPv6</p>
<p>3&gt; arptables to ARP</p>
<p>4&gt; ebtables for Ethernet frames</p>
<p>SO our current focus will be on iptables ,what is IPTABLES ???</p>
<p>Its a built in firewall application fro configuring the tables provided by the LINUX KERNEL FIREWALL . Two major things associated with these utilities or application are its chain and rule.</p>
<p>iptables is command that uses the concept of chains to handle the network traffic .It places the rules into chains which are checked against the network traffic.Decisions are made as to what to do with the packets based on these rules (i.e whether the packet should be accepted or dropped). The predefined chains  are as follows</p>
<p><code>PREROUTING</code>: Packets will enter this chain before a routing decision is made.</p>
<p><code>INPUT</code>: Packet is going to be locally delivered. It does not have anything to do with processes having an opened socket; local delivery is controlled by the &#8220;local-delivery&#8221; routing table: <code>ip route show table local</code>.</p>
<p><code>FORWARD</code>: All packets that have been routed and were not for local delivery will traverse this chain.</p>
<p><code>OUTPUT</code>: Packets sent from the machine itself will be visiting this chain.</p>
<p><code>POSTROUTING</code>: Routing decision has been made. Packets enter this chain just before handing them off to the hardware.</p>
<p>Tables associated with Iptables are :-</p>
<p>Filter table , NAT table, Raw Table, Mangle Table</p>
<p>Rules are :- ACCEPT , DROP, QUEUE, RETURN</p>
<p>Their are various flags associated with iptables like</p>
<p>-A      to add a rule</p>
<p>-p      to indicate the protocol</p>
<p>-s       to indicate the source of packet</p>
<p>-d      to indicate the destination</p>
<p>-dport    port number of the destination port</p>
<p>-sport     port number of the source port</p>
<p>their are various other flags for which u can refer the man page</p>
<p>You can use the iptables service using command:-</p>
<p><strong>service iptables</strong> start/stop/restart/status</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>How to install grub on a floppy disk or a partition?</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/08/how-to-install-grub-on-a-floppy-disk-or-a-partition/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/08/how-to-install-grub-on-a-floppy-disk-or-a-partition/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2014 10:14:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[deepanshuemblinux]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=11441</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[  When you are working on an already installed linux distribution, the grub package will be bydefault installed on the system. I will be showing you, the example&#8217;s of working with grub-legacy. Because any grub version number thats in the &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/08/how-to-install-grub-on-a-floppy-disk-or-a-partition/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><span style="color: #800080"> </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">When you are working on an already installed linux distribution, the grub package will be bydefault installed on the system</span>.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">I will be showing you, the example&#8217;s of working with grub-legacy. Because any grub version number thats in the form 0.9x is grub-legacy now.(Please note the fact that grub-legacy is no longer under active developement.)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">For this example, i will be working on a Red hat enterprise linux 5.</span></p>
<div class="geshifilter">
<pre class="text geshifilter-text" style="font-family: monospace"><span style="font-size: 16px">[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep grub
grub-0.97-13.5
[root@localhost ~]#</span></pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">the above shown package, will also provide you with a command called grub-install.</span></p>
<div class="geshifilter">
<pre class="text geshifilter-text" style="font-family: monospace"><span style="font-size: 16px">[root@localhost ~]# whereis grub-install
grub-install: /sbin/grub-install /usr/share/man/man8/grub-install.8.gz
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /sbin/grub-install
grub-0.97-13.5</span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">As you can clearly see from the above command results that the grub-install command comes from the package grub-0.97-13.5</span></div>
<div></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 16px">You can simply install grub, on your desired partition, as shown below, with the help of grub-install command.</span></div>
<div></div>
<div class="geshifilter">
<pre class="text geshifilter-text" style="font-family: monospace"><span style="font-size: 16px">[root@localhost ~]# grub-install /dev/sda
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
# this device map was generated by anaconda
(hd0)     /dev/sda
[root@localhost ~]#</span></pre>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">In the above command, it will install grub in the MBR of the hard disk /dev/sda.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16px">the above command result tells you an important fact to understand. It tells that, there is a device map file, and is asking us to check and confirm whether the file is correct or not.</span></p>
<h2></h2>
<h2><span style="font-size: 16px"><img style="width: 70px;height: 70px;float: left" src="http://www.slashroot.in/images/important%20note.gif" alt="note" />Device map file is used by grub to identify the OS device names in a precise way. GRUB uses this file to map the device names of BIOS to operating system device names.</span><span style="font-size: 16px">This was devised, because there was inconstancies with, Linux operating system&#8217;s device naming convention.</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">This file is configurable as per your requirement.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">In the above example output of the /boot/grub/device.map tells that (hd0) in grub means /dev/sda in the operating system.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px"><img style="width: 70px;height: 70px;float: left" src="http://www.slashroot.in/images/important%20note.gif" alt="note" />Whenever you install GRUB, on any of your partition, it gets installed and images are put under the directory &#8220;boot&#8221; in that partition.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16px">If you want to install grub, under a directory other than the default &#8220;boot&#8221;, you need to specify the boot directory with a command line argument to <strong>grub-install </strong>command.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">Imagine that you want to install grub, on one of your external hard disk, and is currently mounted under /mydisk. lets see how to do it.</span></p>
<pre><span style="font-size: 16px"><span class="geshifilter"><code class="text geshifilter-text">[root@localhost ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/mydisk/grub/ /dev/sdb</code></span></span></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>difference between monolithic and microlithic kernel</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/07/difference-between-monolithic-and-microlithic-kernel/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/07/difference-between-monolithic-and-microlithic-kernel/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2014 05:13:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[deepanshuemblinux]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=11210</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Monolithic Kernel (Macro Kernel): Kernel Image = (Kernel Core+Kernel Services). When system boots up entire services  are loaded and resides in memory. Example: Windows and Unix. &#160; Micro kernel : Kernel Image = Kernel Core. Services are build in to &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/07/difference-between-monolithic-and-microlithic-kernel/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Monolithic Kernel (Macro Kernel): Kernel Image = (Kernel Core+Kernel Services). When system boots up entire services  are loaded and resides in memory.</p>
<p><em>Example:</em> Windows and Unix.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Micro kernel : Kernel Image = Kernel Core. Services are build in to special modules which can be loaded and unloaded as per need.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>We have another type of kernel integration technique called</p>
<p>Modular, this is derived from best of micro and monolithic kernel) In</p>
<p>Modular kernel integration:  Kernel Image = (Kernel core + IPC service modules +Memory  module +Process Management module). All other modules are loadable kernel modules.</p>
<p><em>Example</em>: Linux kernel</p>
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		<item>
		<title>How to set static ip in Fedora</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/04/how-to-set-static-ip-in-fedora/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/04/how-to-set-static-ip-in-fedora/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2014 14:54:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mukund.aggarwal]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=9772</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Below is the method to give your machine a static Ip for the fedora.[Next post will contain the method to provide Static ip to Raspberry Pi running raspbian] 1. First stop and disable the gnome network manager from running on &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/04/how-to-set-static-ip-in-fedora/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Below is the method to give your machine a static Ip for the fedora.[Next post will contain the method to provide Static ip to Raspberry Pi running raspbian]</p>
<p>1. First stop and disable the gnome network manager from running on boot.</p>
<p>#systemctl stop NetworkManager.service<br />
#systemctl disable NetworkManager.service</p>
<p>2. Now start and enable the network service to run on boot.</p>
<p>#systemctl restart network.service<br />
#systemctl enable network.service</p>
<p>Set the Static Address<br />
1. Check which interface(s) you want to set as static.</p>
<p># ifconfig<br />
em1: flags=4163 mtu 1500<br />
inet 192.168.1.148 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255<br />
inet6 fe80::dad3:85ff:feae:dd4c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0&#215;20 ether d8:d3:85:ae:dd:4c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)<br />
RX packets 929 bytes 90374 (88.2 KiB)<br />
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0<br />
TX packets 1010 bytes 130252 (127.1 KiB)<br />
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0<br />
device interrupt 19</p>
<p>lo: flags=73mtu 16436<br />
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0<br />
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0&#215;10<br />
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)<br />
RX packets 32 bytes 3210 (3.1 KiB)<br />
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0<br />
TX packets 32 bytes 3210 (3.1 KiB)<br />
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0</p>
<p>2. Next edit the config file for the required interface.</p>
<p>vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-em1</p>
<p>3. Edit the config file to look similar to the following.</p>
<p>Change the BOOTPROTO from “dhcp” to “static”. Also adding IPADDR, NETMASK, BROADCAST and NETWORK variables and make sure ONBOOT is set to yes.</p>
<p>UUID=&#8221;e88f1292-1f87-4576-97aa-bb8b2be34bd3&#8243;<br />
NM_CONTROLLED=&#8221;yes&#8221;<br />
HWADDR=&#8221;D8:D3:85:AE:DD:4C&#8221;<br />
BOOTPROTO=&#8221;static&#8221;<br />
DEVICE=&#8221;em1&#8243;<br />
ONBOOT=&#8221;yes&#8221;<br />
IPADDR=192.168.1.2<br />
NETMASK=255.255.255.0<br />
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255<br />
NETWORK=192.168.1.0<br />
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1</p>
<p>Exit the editor by pressing &#8216;:wq&#8217; and enter.</p>
<p>4. Restart the network service to apply the settings.</p>
<p>systemctl restart network.service</p>
<p>source : https://fedoraproject.org/</p>
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		<item>
		<title>CONNECTING RASPBERRY PI WITH YOUR LAPTOP/HOST MACHINE</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/04/connecting-raspberry-pi-with-your-laptophost-machine/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/04/connecting-raspberry-pi-with-your-laptophost-machine/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2014 16:12:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mukund.aggarwal]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[ARM Embedded Processors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=9755</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In order to connect your Raspberry Pi and laptop, you could do it in two ways, router based connection. peer to peer connection. Router Based Connection In this type of connection it is assumed that your laptop is already in &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/04/connecting-raspberry-pi-with-your-laptophost-machine/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In order to connect your Raspberry Pi and laptop, you could do it in two ways,</p>
<p>router based connection.<br />
peer to peer connection.</p>
<p>Router Based Connection</p>
<p>In this type of connection it is assumed that your laptop is already in the network, lets say your ip to be 192.168.1.3 and you machine has ssh support.Now in Raspberry it is important that it has ssh support as well. Connect your raspberry pi into the router using a network cable, your raspberry will now have an ip address that was provided by the dhcp server. our next step is to find out the ip address of raspberry pi. In order to get the ip address of raspberry pi we could type ifconfig and look for “inet addr: x.x.x.x” if your raspberry is connected to a monitor. else if it is headless ( without a monitor) then we could look at the ip table of your router by seeing who is connected to the network. now that we know the ip address we could do the following from host machine</p>
<p>$ ssh pi@192.168.1.3</p>
<p>where 192.168.1.3 is the ip address of Raspberry provided by dhcp server.</p>
<p>Peer To Peer Connection</p>
<p>In a peer to peer based connection the Raspberry and host machine is directly connected to each other using a network cable. In order to do this we need static ip’s at both the ends. so we need to make the following change in /etc/network/interfaces file host machine, (note: dont forget to take a backup of /etc/network/interfaces file)</p>
<p>$sudo vim /etc/network/interfaces</p>
<p>auto eth0<br />
iface eth0 inet static<br />
address 192.168.10.2<br />
netmask 255.255.255.0</p>
<p>add the above shown line to the file.</p>
<p>do the same in Raspberry pi as well but the only difference is that the ip address should be 192.168.10.3, note that the network id 192.168.10 should remain same.</p>
<p>after doing this restart the network service by typing the command or by restarting the machine.</p>
<p>$sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart.</p>
<p>then do a</p>
<p>$ssh pi@192.168.10.3</p>
<p>and now it will ask for password, provide the password. So you are now logged it to raspberry pi via ssh.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Source</p>
<p>www.emblogic.com</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>DHCP server</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/dhcp-server/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/dhcp-server/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2014 17:20:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[gagan7230]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=9465</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used by computers for requesting Internet Protocol parameters, such as an IP address from a network server. The protocol operates based on the client-server model. DHCP is very common in all modern networks[1] ranging &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/dhcp-server/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used by computers for requesting Internet Protocol parameters, such as an <a title="IP address" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</a> from a network server. The protocol operates based on the <a title="Client-server model" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-server_model">client-server model</a>. DHCP is very common in all modern networks<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> ranging in size from <a title="Home network" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_network">home networks</a> to large <a title="Campus network" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_network">campus networks</a> and regional <a title="Internet service provider" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider">Internet service provider</a> networks. Most residential network routers receive a globally unique IP address within the provider network. Within a local network, DHCP assigns a local IP address to devices connected to the local network.</p>
<p>When a computer or other networked device connects to a network, its DHCP client software in the operating system sends a <a title="Broadcasting (computing)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%28computing%29">broadcast</a> query requesting necessary information. Any DHCP server on the network may service the request. The DHCP server manages a pool of IP addresses and information about client configuration parameters such as <a title="Default gateway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_gateway">default gateway</a>, <a title="Domain name" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name">domain name</a>, the <a title="Name server" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server">name servers</a>, <a title="Time server" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_server">time servers</a>. On receiving a request, the server may respond with specific information for each client, as previously configured by an administrator, or with a specific address and any other information valid for the entire network, and the time period for which the allocation (<em>lease</em>) is valid. A host typically queries for this information immediately after <a title="Booting" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting">booting</a>, and periodically thereafter before the expiration of the information. When an assignment is refreshed by the client computer, it initially requests the same parameter values, but may be assigned a new address from the server, based on the assignment policies set by administrators.</p>
<p>On large networks that consist of multiple links, a single DHCP server may service the entire network when aided by DHCP relay agents located on the interconnecting routers. Such agents relay messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers located on different subnets.</p>
<p>Depending on implementation, the DHCP server may have three methods of allocating IP-addresses:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>dynamic allocation</em>: A <a title="Network administrator" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administrator">network administrator</a> reserves a range of IP addresses for DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN is configured to request an IP address from the DHCP <a title="Server (computing)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29">server</a> during network initialization. The request-and-grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period, allowing the DHCP server to reclaim (and then reallocate) IP addresses that are not renewed.</li>
<li><em>automatic allocation</em>: The DHCP server permanently assigns an IP address to a requesting client from the range defined by the administrator. This is like dynamic allocation, but the DHCP server keeps a table of past IP address assignments, so that it can preferentially assign to a client the same IP address that the client previously had.</li>
<li><em>static allocation</em>: The DHCP server allocates an IP address based on a preconfigured mapping to each client&#8217;s <a title="MAC address" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</a>. This feature is variously called <em>static DHCP assignment</em> by <a title="DD-WRT" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD-WRT">DD-WRT</a>, <em>fixed-address</em> by the dhcpd documentation, <em>address reservation</em> by Netgear, <em>DHCP reservation</em> or <em>static DHCP</em> by <a title="Cisco" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco">Cisco</a> and <a title="Linksys" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys">Linksys</a>, and <em>IP address reservation</em> or <em>MAC/IP address binding</em> by various other router manufacturers.</li>
</ul>
<p>DHCP is used for <a title="IPv4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4">Internet Protocol version 4</a> (IPv4), as well as <a title="IPv6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6">IPv6</a>. While both versions serve the same purpose, the details of the protocol for IPv4 and IPv6 are sufficiently different that they may be considered separate protocols.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <a title="IPv6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6">IPv6</a> devices may alternatively use <a title="IPv6 stateless address autoconfiguration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_stateless_address_autoconfiguration">stateless address autoconfiguration</a>. IPv4 hosts may use <a title="Link-local addressing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-local_addressing">link-local addressing</a> to achieve limited local connectivity.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>static and shared libraries</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/static-and-shared-libraries/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/static-and-shared-libraries/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2014 07:38:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[amit.dalal]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux Internals and System Programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=9051</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[When a C program is compiled, the compiler generates object code. After generating the object code, the compiler also invokes linker. One of the main tasks for linker is to make code of library functions (eg printf(), scanf(), sqrt(), ..etc) &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/03/static-and-shared-libraries/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When a C program is compiled, the compiler generates object code. After generating the object code, the compiler also invokes linker. One of the main tasks for linker is to make code of library functions (eg printf(), scanf(), sqrt(), ..etc) available to your program. A linker can accomplish this task in two ways, by copying the code of library function to your object code, or by making some arrangements so that the complete code of library functions is not copied, but made available at run-time.</p>
<p><strong>Static Linking and Static Libraries</strong> is the result of the linker making copy of all used library functions to the executable file. Static Linking creates larger binary files, and need more space on disk and main memory. Examples of static libraries (libraries which are statically linked) are, <strong><em>.a</em></strong> files in Linux and <strong><em>.lib </em></strong>files in Windows.</p>
<p><strong>Steps to create a static library</strong> Let us create and use a Static Library in UNIX or UNIX like OS.<br />
<strong>1.</strong> Create a C file that contains functions in your library.</p>
<div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div><code>/* Filename: lib_mylib.c */</code></div>
<div><code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;</code></div>
<div><code>void</code> <code>fun(</code><code>void</code><code>)</code></div>
<div><code>{</code></div>
<div><code>  </code><code>printf</code><code>(</code><code>"fun() called from a static library"</code><code>);</code></div>
<div><code>}</code></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>We have created only one file for simplicity. We can also create multiple files in a library.</p>
<p><strong>2.</strong> Create a header file for the library</p>
<div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div><code>/* Filename: lib_mylib.h */</code></div>
<div><code>void</code> <code>fun(</code><code>void</code><code>);</code></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>3. </strong>Compile library files.</p>
<pre> gcc -c lib_mylib.c -o lib_mylib.o</pre>
<p><strong>4. </strong> Create static library. This step is to bundle multiple object files in one static library (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_%28Unix%29">ar </a>for details). The output of this step is static library.</p>
<pre> ar rcs lib_mylib.a lib_mylib.o</pre>
<p><strong>5. </strong>Now our static library is ready to use. At this point we could just copy lib_hello_static.a somewhere else to use it. For demo purposes, let us keep the library in the current directory.</p>
<p><strong>Let us create a driver program that uses above created static library</strong>.<br />
<strong>1.</strong> Create a C file with main function</p>
<div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div><code>/* filename: driver.c  */</code></div>
<div><code>#include "lib_mylib.h"</code></div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<h2>Static and Dynamic Libraries | Set 1</h2>
</div>
<div>
<p>When a C program is compiled, the compiler generates object code. After generating the object code, the compiler also invokes linker. One of the main tasks for linker is to make code of library functions (eg printf(), scanf(), sqrt(), ..etc) available to your program. A linker can accomplish this task in two ways, by copying the code of library function to your object code, or by making some arrangements so that the complete code of library functions is not copied, but made available at run-time.</p>
<p><strong>Static Linking and Static Libraries</strong> is the result of the linker making copy of all used library functions to the executable file. Static Linking creates larger binary files, and need more space on disk and main memory. Examples of static libraries (libraries which are statically linked) are, <strong><em>.a</em></strong> files in Linux and <strong><em>.lib </em></strong>files in Windows.</p>
<p><strong>Steps to create a static library</strong> Let us create and use a Static Library in UNIX or UNIX like OS.<br />
<strong>1.</strong> Create a C file that contains functions in your library.</p>
<div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div><code>/* Filename: lib_mylib.c */</code></div>
<div><code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;</code></div>
<div><code>void</code> <code>fun(</code><code>void</code><code>)</code></div>
<div><code>{</code></div>
<div><code>  </code><code>printf</code><code>(</code><code>"fun() called from a static library"</code><code>);</code></div>
<div><code>}</code></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>We have created only one file for simplicity. We can also create multiple files in a library.</p>
<p><strong>2.</strong> Create a header file for the library</p>
<div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div><code>/* Filename: lib_mylib.h */</code></div>
<div><code>void</code> <code>fun(</code><code>void</code><code>);</code></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>3. </strong>Compile library files.</p>
<pre> gcc -c lib_mylib.c -o lib_mylib.o</pre>
<p><strong>4. </strong> Create static library. This step is to bundle multiple object files in one static library (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_%28Unix%29">ar </a>for details). The output of this step is static library.</p>
<pre> ar rcs lib_mylib.a lib_mylib.o</pre>
<p><strong>5. </strong>Now our static library is ready to use. At this point we could just copy lib_hello_static.a somewhere else to use it. For demo purposes, let us keep the library in the current directory.</p>
<p><strong>Let us create a driver program that uses above created static library</strong>.<br />
<strong>1.</strong> Create a C file with main function</p>
<div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div><code>/* filename: driver.c  */</code></div>
<div><code>#include "lib_mylib.h"</code></div>
<div><code>void</code> <code>main() </code></div>
<div><code>{</code></div>
<div><code>  </code><code>fun();</code></div>
<div><code>}</code></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>2.</strong> Compile the driver program.</p>
<pre>gcc -c driver.c -o driver.o</pre>
<p><strong>3.</strong> Link the compiled driver program to the static library. Note that -L<strong>.</strong> is used to tell that the static library is in current folder (See <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Link-Options.html" target="_blank">this </a>for details of -L and -l options).</p>
<pre>gcc -o driver driver.o -L. -l_mylib</pre>
<p><strong>4.</strong> Run the driver program</p>
<pre>./driver 
fun() called from a static library</pre>
<p>Following are some important points about static libraries.<br />
<strong>1.</strong> For a static library, the actual code is extracted from the library by the linker and used to build the final executable at the point you compile/build your application.</p>
<p><strong>2. </strong>Each process gets its own copy of the code and data. Where as in case of dynamic libraries it is only code shared, data is specific to each process. For static libraries memory footprints are larger. For example, if all the window system tools were statically linked, several tens of megabytes of RAM would be wasted for a typical user, and the user would be slowed down by a lot of paging.</p>
<p><strong>3.</strong> Since library code is connected at compile time, the final executable has no dependencies on the the library at run time i.e. no additional run-time loading costs, it means that you don’t need to carry along a copy of the library that is being used and you have everything under your control and there is no dependency.</p>
<p><strong>4. </strong>In static libraries, once everything is bundled into your application, you don’t have to worry that the client will have the right library (and version) available on their system.</p>
<p><strong>5.</strong>One drawback of static libraries is, for any change(up-gradation) in the static libraries, you have to recompile the main program every time.</p>
<p><strong>6.</strong> One major advantage of static libraries being preferred even now “is speed”. There will be no dynamic querying of symbols in static libraries. Many production line software use static libraries even today.</p>
<p><strong>Dynamic linking and Dynamic Libraries</strong> Dynamic Linking doesn’t require the code to be copied, it is done by just placing name of the library in the binary file. The actual linking happens when the program is run, when both the binary file and the library are in memory. Examples of Dynamic libraries (libraries which are linked at run-time) are, <strong><em>.so</em></strong> in Linux and <strong><em>.dll</em></strong> in Windows.</p>
<p>We will soon be covering more points on Dynamic Libraries and steps to create them.</p>
<p>This article is compiled by <strong>Abhijit Saha </strong>and reviewed by GeeksforGeeks team. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>2.</strong> Compile the driver program.</p>
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		<title>How to format the pendrive using terminal.</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/how-to-format-the-pendrive-using-terminal/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/how-to-format-the-pendrive-using-terminal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2014 06:57:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ankit.singhal85@yahoo.com]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=8429</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[you should take care of your Pd that it should be unmounted before you did the for mating. use the following commands on terminal mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1 sdb1 is you node name(that can be check through &#8216;dmesg&#8217; or &#8216;fdisk -l&#8217;) you &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/02/how-to-format-the-pendrive-using-terminal/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>you should take care of your Pd that it should be unmounted before you did the for mating.</p>
<p>use the following commands on terminal</p>
<p>mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1</p>
<p>sdb1 is you node name(that can be check through &#8216;dmesg&#8217; or &#8216;fdisk -l&#8217;)</p>
<p>you can also change the your pd name by using following command on terminal</p>
<p>mkfs.vfat -n &#8216;desired pd name&#8217; /dev/sdb1</p>
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		<title>NFS SERVER CONFIGURATION</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/nfs-server-configuration/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/nfs-server-configuration/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2013 08:05:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sandeep.singh]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=7930</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NFS, or Network File System, is a server-client protocol for sharing files between computers on a common network. NFS enables you to mount a file system on a remote computer as if it were local to your own system. You &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/nfs-server-configuration/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>NFS, or Network File System, is a server-client protocol for sharing files between computers on a common network. NFS enables you to mount a file system on a remote computer as if it were local to your own system. You can then directly access any of the files on that remote file system. The server and client do not have to use the same operating system. The client system just needs to be running an NFS client compatible with the NFS server.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>For example NFS server could be a Linux system and Unix could be a client. But it can’t be a window system because window is not NFS compatible. The NFS server exports one or more directories to the client systems, and the client systems mount one or more of the shared directories to local directories called mount points. After the share is mounted, all I/O operations are written back to the server, and all clients notice the change as if it occurred on the local filesystem.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>A manual refresh is not needed because the client accesses the remote filesystem as if it were local.because access is granted by IP address, a username and password are not required. However, there are security risks to consider because the NFS server knows nothing about the users on the client system.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: large"><strong>Configure nfs server </strong></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Network configuration in Linux</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ol>
<li>A linux server with ip address 192.168.0.254 and hostname Server</li>
<li>A linux client with ip address 192.168.0.1 and hostname Client1</li>
<li>Updated /etc/hosts file on both linux system</li>
<li>Running portmap and xinetd services</li>
<li>Firewall should be off on server</li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Three rpm are required to configure nfs server. <strong>nfs, portmap, xinetd </strong>check them if not found then install</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Now check <strong>nfs, portmap, xinetd</strong> service in system service it should be on</li>
</ol>
<pre>#setup
Select <strong> System service</strong>
from list
[*]portmap [*]xinetd [*]nfs</pre>
<p>2.Now restart <strong>xinetd</strong> and <strong>portmap</strong> service</p>
<ol>
<li>To keep on these services after reboot on then via <strong>chkconfig</strong> command</li>
<li>After <strong>reboot</strong> verify their status. It must be in<strong> running</strong> condition</li>
<li>now create a <strong>/data</strong> directory and grant full permission to it</li>
<li>now open <strong>/etc/exports</strong> filesave file with <strong>:wq</strong> and exit</li>
<li>also restart <strong>nfs daemons</strong> with <strong>expotfs</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>verify with <strong>showmount</strong> command that you have successfully shared <strong>data folder</strong></li>
</ol>
<h3><strong><span style="font-size: large">configure client system</span></strong></h3>
<ol>
<li>ping form <strong>nfs server</strong> and check the<strong> share folder</strong></li>
<li><strong>now mount this share folder on mnt mount point. To test this share folder change directory to mnt and create a test file</strong></li>
<li><strong>After use you should always unmount from mnt mount point</strong></li>
<li><strong>create a mount point, by making a directory </strong></li>
<li><strong>now open /etc/fstab file </strong></li>
<li><strong>after reboot check /temp directory it should show all the shared data</strong></li>
</ol>
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		<title>FTP SERVER CONFIGURATION (Batch-20.02.36)</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/ftp-server-configuration-batch-20-02-36/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/ftp-server-configuration-batch-20-02-36/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2013 05:22:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sandeep.singh]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ftp server]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=7706</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[FTP SERVER CONFIGURATION (Batch-20.02.36) Any Linux system can operate as an FTP server. It has to run only the server software—an FTP daemon with the appropriate configuration. Transfers are made between user accounts on client and server systems. A user &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/ftp-server-configuration-batch-20-02-36/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>FTP SERVER CONFIGURATION (Batch-20.02.36)</strong></span></p>
<p>Any Linux system can operate as an FTP server. It has to run only the server software—an FTP daemon with the appropriate configuration. Transfers are made between user accounts on client and server systems. A user on the remote system has to log in to an account on a server and can then transfer files to and from that account&#8217;s directories only.</p>
<p>A special kind of user account, named <strong>ftp</strong>, allows any user to log in to it with the username <strong>“anonymous.”</strong> This account has its own set of directories and files that are considered public, available to anyone on the network who wants to download them.</p>
<p>The numerous FTP sites on the Internet are FTP servers supporting FTP user accounts with anonymous login. Any Linux system can be configured to support anonymous FTP access, turning them into network FTP sites. Such sites can work on an intranet or on the Internet.</p>
<h3>1.Configuring the ftp Server</h3>
<p>The <strong>vsftpd</strong> RPM package is required to configure a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system as an ftp server. If it is not already installed, install it with <strong>rpm</strong> commands as described in our pervious article. After it is installed, start the service as root with the command <strong>service vsftpd start</strong> . The system is now an <strong>ftp server</strong> and can accept connections. To configure the server to automatically start the service at boot time, execute the command <strong>chkconfig vsftpd on</strong> as root. To stop the server, execute the command<strong> service vsftpd stop.</strong> To verify that the server is running, use the command <strong>service vsftpd status</strong>.</p>
<h3>2.Configure vsftpd server</h3>
<p>In this example we will configure a <strong>vsftpd</strong> server and will transfer files from client side.</p>
<p>For this example we are using three systems one linux server one linux clients and one windows xp clients.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>A linux server with ip address 192.168.0.254 and hostname Server</li>
<li>A linux client with ip address 192.168.0.1 and hostname Client1</li>
<li>A window client with ip address 192.168.0.2 and hostname Client2</li>
<li>Updated /etc/hosts file on both linux system</li>
<li>Running portmap and xinetd services</li>
<li>Firewall should be off on server</li>
</ul>
<h3>4.Check LAN card driver is installed or not.</h3>
<p>LAN driver is the top most part for network. To check it run <strong>setup</strong> command</p>
<p>Select <strong>network configuration</strong> from list.</p>
<h3>5.Check firewall status</h3>
<p>Firewall is the necessary security part of Linux system which is connected to Internet. But in exam we are not going to use Internet so it’s good practice to disable it.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>6.To disable firewall run </strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>setup</strong></span></strong><span style="font-size: medium"><strong> commands.</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>Now select <strong>firewall configuration</strong> from list and click on <strong>run tool.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Select disable and click on ok and quit to return on command prompt.</strong></li>
<li><strong>System reboot require to take effect so reboot system with reboot -f commands.</strong></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>7.Check portmap and xinetd package status</strong></h3>
<p>Almost every Linux server needs these two rpm to function properly. First check that these rpm are install or not. If no rpm is install then install them via <strong>rpm</strong> commands.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>If you have rpm then check there status via setup commands.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Now select system service from menu.</strong></li>
<li><strong>put a star in front the portmap service.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Now put star in front the xinetd service.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Click on ok and select quit to come back on command prompt.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>8.Now restart these two service.</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>To keep on these services after reboot on then via chkconfig command.</strong></li>
<li><strong>After reboot verify their status. It must be in running condition.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Once you have successfully completed these steps you are ready to configure the Linux server .</strong></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Article on Linux Kernel</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/article-on-linux-kernel/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/article-on-linux-kernel/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Dec 2013 10:58:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[ramandeep.singh]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=7623</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Linux Kernel  In 1991, a Finnish student named Linus Benedict Torvalds made the kernel of a now popular operating system. He released Linux version 0.01 on September 1991, and on February 1992, he licensed the kernel under the GPL &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/article-on-linux-kernel/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center" align="LEFT"><strong><span style="font-size: large">The Linux Kernel</span></strong></p>
<p> In 1991, a Finnish student named Linus Benedict Torvalds made the kernel of a now popular operating system. He released Linux version 0.01 on September 1991, and on February 1992, he licensed the kernel under the GPL license. The GNU General Public License (GPL) allows people to use, own, modify, and distribute the source code legally and free of charge. This permits the kernel to become very popular because anyone may download it for free. Now that anyone can make their own kernel, it may be helpful to know how to obtain, edit, configure, compile, and install the Linux kernel.</p>
<p>A kernel is the core of an operating system. The operating system is all of the programs that manages the hardware and allows users to run applications on a computer. The kernel controls the hardware and applications. Applications do not communicate with the hardware directly, instead they go to the kernel. In summary, software runs on the kernel and the kernel operates the hardware. Without a kernel, a computer is a useless object.</p>
<p>There are many reasons for a user to want to make their own kernel. Many users may want to make a kernel that only contains the code needed to run on their system. For instance, my kernel contains drivers for FireWire devices, but my computer lacks these ports. When the system boots up, time and RAM space is wasted on drivers for devices that my system does not have installed. If I wanted to streamline my kernel, I could make my own kernel that does not have FireWire drivers. As for another reason, a user may own a device with a special piece of hardware, but the kernel that came with their latest version of Ubuntu lacks the needed driver. This user could download the latest kernel (which is a few versions ahead of Ubuntu&#8217;s Linux kernels) and make their own kernel that has the needed driver. However, these are two of the most common reasons for users wanting to make their own Linux kernels.</p>
<p>Before we download a kernel, we should discuss some important definitions and facts. The Linux kernel is a monolithic kernel. This means that the whole operating system is on the RAM reserved as kernel space. To clarify, the kernel is put on the RAM. The space used by the kernel is reserved for the kernel. Only the kernel may use the reserved kernel space. The kernel owns that space on the RAM until the system is shutdown. In contrast to kernel space, there is user space. User space is the space on the RAM that the user&#8217;s programs own. Applications like web browsers, video games, word processors, media players, the wallpaper, themes, etc. are all on the user space of the RAM. When an application is closed, any program may use the newly freed space. With kernel space, once the RAM space is taken, nothing else can have that space.</p>
<p>The Linux kernel is also a preemptive multitasking kernel. This means that the kernel will pause some tasks to ensure that every application gets a chance to use the CPU. For instance, if an application is running but is waiting for some data, the kernel will put that application on hold and allow another program to use the newly freed CPU resources until the data arrives. Otherwise, the system would be wasting resources for tasks that are waiting for data or another program to execute. The kernel will force programs to wait for the CPU or stop using the CPU. Applications cannot unpause or use the CPU without the kernel allowing them to do so.</p>
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		<title>Article on Linux  Administration</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/article-on-linux-administration/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/article-on-linux-administration/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Dec 2013 10:55:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[u.sravan]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=7617</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ Linux Administration This article is about the operating system.The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&#38;T&#8217;s Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. It was first released &#8230; <a href="https://www.emblogic.com/blog/12/article-on-linux-administration/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-size: large">Linux Administration</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">This article is about the operating system.The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&amp;T&#8217;s Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. It was first released in 1971, and initially, was written entirely in assembly language, a common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, Unix was re-written in the programming language <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29">C</a> by Dennis Ritchie (with exceptions to the kernel and I/O). The availability of an operating system written in a high-level language allowed easier portability to different computer platforms.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">With AT&amp;T being required to license the operating system&#8217;s source code to anyone who asked (due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding them from entering the computer business),Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&amp;T divested itself of Bell Labs. Free of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Linux is any Unix-like and POSIX-compliant computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The main form of distribution are Linux distributions. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5 October 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Because it considers Linux to be a variant of the GNU operating system, initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, the Free Software Foundation prefers the name <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> when referring to the operating system as a whole .</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86-based personal computers. It has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system. It is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers: as of June 2013, more than 95% of the world&#8217;s 500 fastest supercomputers run some variant of Linux,including all the 44 fastest. Linux also runs on embedded systems (devices where the operating system is typically built into the firmware and highly tailored to the system) such as mobile phones,tablet computers, network routers, building automation controls, televisions and video game consoles; the Android system in wide use on mobile devices is built on the Linux kernel.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration: the underlying source code may be used, modified, and distributed — commercially or non-commercially — by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a format known as a <em>Linux distribution</em> for desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu and Linux Mint), Fedora (and its derivatives such as the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux and its open equivalent CentOS), Mandriva/Mageia, openSUSE (and its commercial derivative SUSE Linux Enterprise Server), and Arch Linux. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution&#8217;s intended use.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">A distribution oriented toward desktop use will typically include the windowing systems X11 and Wayland and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation. Some such distributions may include a less resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce for use on older or less powerful computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit all graphical environments from the standard install and instead include other software to set up and operate a LAMP or a LYCE solution stack. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">
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		<title>SSH Server</title>
		<link>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/06/ssh-server/</link>
		<comments>https://www.emblogic.com/blog/06/ssh-server/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2013 09:17:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[taruna]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Project 00: Linux System / Network Administration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pravjot sir]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emblogic.com/blog/?p=6581</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Implemented SSH server completely&#8230; Able to send as well as receive data using scp&#8230; Now , thorough with the SSH server!!!!]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Implemented SSH server completely&#8230;</p>
<p>Able to send as well as receive data using scp&#8230;</p>
<p>Now , thorough with the SSH server!!!!</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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