The text discusses two protocols for interacting with hosts: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System).
ICMP's specific functions include error reporting and network diagnostics. It is utilized to report errors encountered during packet processing and supports network diagnostics through tools like the ping command.
DNS, an application layer protocol, maps human-readable domain names to IP addresses, eliminating the need to remember numerical addresses. It plays a crucial role in translating user-friendly names into IP addresses for effective communication on the internet. A commonly used tool for DNS diagnostics is the nslookup command which allows us to query DNS servers to obtain information about domain names, IP addresses, and other DNS records.
